10 Petaflop Supercomputer in Japan is Funded again [16 Dec 2009|05:10pm] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/WkuOo2j-yCQ/10-petaflop-supercomputer-in-japan-is.html Finance Minister Hirohisa Fujii and other key Cabinet members agreed Wednesday to allow the science ministry as a special case to earmark up to around 23 billion yen in the fiscal 2010 budget to support projects to develop a next-generation supercomputer. The $300 million project is funded for Fujitsu to make a 10 petaflop supercomputer that is to be operational in 2012. Fujitsu demonstrated a prototype node for the system recently and was only waiting to have funding restored to begin building. post comment

Sliding Ink Could Boost Speed of Printed Electronics [16 Dec 2009|05:07pm] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/Kfx2W7MOaAE/sliding-ink-could-boost-speed-of.html New Scientist reports ink drops sliding down a microscopic ridge, like water running off a roof, can boost the speed of printed transistors for flexible electronics The new technique cut the overlap in the final transistor to just 0.78 micrometres, a 10-fold improvement on the previous all-printed techniques and comparable to the figures obtained by using photolithography to clean up after printing. Without final tuning printed electronic transistors tend to perform poorly, says Huai-Yuan Tseng at the University of California, Berkeley, who with colleague Vivek Subramanian has developed a more accurate way of printing transistors, without resorting to extra processing. Tseng says their method is the first to abandon traditional etching altogether. The problem is that ink cannot be squirted accurately enough to prevent the three electrodes in a field-effect transistor from being too close together. The source and drain are arranged in a line and printed on one layer while the third, the gate, is printed on a different layer, separated by a nanoscale insulator. In printed transistors the source and drain can vertically overlap the gate by 10 micrometres or more, allowing electric fields from the gate electrode to couple with the other electrodes and impair performance. The larger the overlap between gate and the source and drain, the larger the parasitic capacitance, and hence the slower the transistors are. post comment

LiveJournal Major Notes: My Stats, My Guests, Holiday promotion, Yandex search, Whitelisting! [16 Dec 2009|05:07pm] news [theljstaff] Get to know My Guests. Want to know who's checking you out? You can now view the 100 most recent, logged-in users who visited your journal during the past 30-day period with My Guests. For those who prefer to fly under the radar, you can update your My Guests privacy setting here. Introducing My Stats. If you have a Paid or Permanent account, you can now see detailed reports on how many people are visiting your journal, friends pages, and entries (wherever they're posted on LiveJournal). You can also view data on comments and RSS requests. My Stats is only available to Paid and Permanent account holders, but you can upgrade anytime. (FYI, an annual subscription costs less than a large pizza with everything on it, PLUS it's rumored to make you lose weight in your sleep!) For additional details on this feature, read this article in paidmembers. Get ready to check your vital statistics!. To begin, mouse over Journal in the upper nav bar and select My Stats from the dropdown menu (Horizon) or select My Stats under Journal in the side bar (Vertigo). If you're using another design scheme, you can visit My Stats directly. You'll find My Guests on the My Stats tool bar. Happy holiday promotion! We're delighted to tell you about our holiday coupons, which will help you share the love with your LiveJournal friends! If you have a Paid or Permanent account, you can send up to 10 LiveJournal Basic/Plus users a $10 coupon for an annual paid subscription now through January 15th, 2011. Recipients can upgrade for $9.95 (instead of $19.95) for one year by enrolling in our automatic payment plan or make a manual payment of $15 (instead of $25). Please note that these coupons are not transferable and cannot be used to renew existing paid accounts. If you're a Paid/Permanent user, you can send out your holiday coupons now! Tweaks and Enhancements The search is on: We've replaced our default search tool with one from Yandex, a leader in search engine technology. This means you'll get smarter, more granular results! To get started, enter your search terms and click the Go button to the left of the Find box on the upper right of the LiveJournal header. This will take you to the search landing page where you can further refine by Entries, Comments, People & communities, and FAQs. You can also access the search page directly. Whitelisting: We've released a new option to help you moderate your busy communities more efficiently. If an entry contains a link to a whitelisted (i.e., trusted) site, it will be posted automatically without need for moderator approval. If a post contains a link that is not on the whitelist, you'll be prompted to approve. To access this option, please visit settings for any community you maintain and select the third option in the Community Moderation box (located in the lower left-hand corner). Click the enable link to custom-edit your community's whitelist, which has been prepopulated with trusted domains. You can manually add or delete URLs in the text box. Please note: If you're the maintainer of an unmoderated community, you may see the radio button for this setting checked, even though it's not active. This is a known issue. Please select whichever option you prefer and click Save Changes at the bottom of the page. If you're happy with your current settings, then no need to do anything! TMI, dude: We've added some fun FREE sponsored vgifts! You can send up to 50 TMI vgifts to mutual friends (btw, you cannot send free vgifts to communities). If you're a Paid/Permanent user and you want to view sponsored gifts, click Show sponsored gifts on your homepage or visit the sponsored gift page. These vgifts will only be available through Wednesday, December 23rd. You can view more awesome user content after the jump! ( Read more... ) Curtains Thanks, again, for joining us. Until next time, stay snug! 217 comments|post comment

Ответный гол - счет восстановлен [16 Dec 2009|07:12pm] bbb http://www.kosovothanksyou.com/news/?p=568 post comment

Statistics for Paid Accounts [16 Dec 2009|03:01pm] paidmembers [marta] Statistics are here! You can now see the number of people who have visited your journal, your individual entries, a chart of comments, readers of the RSS feed of your journal, and the last 100 logged-in users who have visited your journal directly (if you've enabled My Guests). Things you should know: -Stats are completely anonymous (only My Guests is tied to username); only numbers are recorded, not any other information -The times and dates in the graph are based on server time, which is UTC/GMT -The light grey number at the top left corner of the graph is the statistical outlier -While the graph may go back in time to this summer, the stats-gathering server was not on constantly, so previous stats may be missing. Today, and going forward, full stats are collected and displayed. -If you opt out of My Guests (meaning that your username will not show up on other people's reports and you will not be able to view your My Guests tab), it does not affect your use of the rest of the Stats - if you're a Paid or Permanent user, you'll still be able to see all the rest of the information on this feature ( Page-by-page walkthrough ) 95 comments|post comment

$10 coupon for your friends! [16 Dec 2009|02:59pm] paidmembers [marta] If you have a Paid or Permanent account, you can now send 10 of your non-Paid friends a $10 coupon. Your friend will be able to purchase a Paid Account for $9.95 (instead of $19.95) for one year by enrolling in our automatic payment plan or make a manual payment of $15 (instead of $25). All Paid and Permanent accounts can send out the coupons by clicking here (it's also under Friends -> Holiday promotion in the site header) You can also send to people not on your Friends list by manually entering the username in the field provided If your friend declines the invitation, it will be returned to your available invitation pool and you'll be able to send to someone else You can send the invitations until January 15th 248 comments|post comment

Хроники общественного самоубийства [17 Dec 2009|01:10am] gr_s http://lutra-lutra.livejournal.com/177172.html Удивительно наблюдать как правительство вкупе с заинтересованными и/или несведущими структурами и гражданами бесстрашно и упорно суёт руку в шестерёнки рыночной машины. Да еще в самую оборотистую ее часть. Что ж, сами хотят. Воображаю, каково будет удивление, когда ровно через год эту конечность оторвет. Будет сильный хруст и много грязи. Update. Не удивлюсь, если узнаю, что совсем первоначальный импульс, про который уже все забыли, исходил не из чиновничьих голов, а от каких-нибудь участников рынка. И вот прошло всего несколько лет - и за ними тоже пришли. 6 comments|post comment

TWIMC [17 Dec 2009|12:43am] vinopivets В Москве. До 30 декабря. Бездельничаю и благодушествую. 1 comment|post comment

Taiwan unveils 16 Nanometer SRAM Made With Nano injection lithography Which Could be Ready by 2013 [16 Dec 2009|12:44pm] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/VYdRaR7K-1A/taiwan-unveils-16-nanometer-technology.html An electronic image shows six transistors installed in a space measuring 300 nanometres by 130 nanometres on a microchip developed by State-backed National Nano Device Laboratories Taiwan's National Nano Device Laboratories in northern Hsinchu city said it had succeeded in packing more transistors into smaller chip space than anyone else so far. Nano injection lithography eliminates the masks of other lithography techniques. Eliminating the masks and the photoresist cuts the patterning process from five steps to one, greatly simplifying production. The researchers say that EUV masks are projected to cost around US $3 million a set and the EUV lithography machines about $60 million apiece. So the nano injection lithography could also be significantly cheaper. Hu says the technique also allows for finer lines and closer spacing than typical electron-beam lithography. Yang Fu-liang, the lab's chief and his team are working on 16-nanometer technology, referring to the space between transistors on a chip. said the 16-nm SRAM device offers a nine-fold increase in capacity over 45-nm SRAM technology and a 60-percent reduction in microchip size, while at the same time lowering power consumption by about half. With a capacity 10 times that of current 45-nm SRAM devices, the new technology will lead to even smaller and lighter portable electronics products after mass production begins by allowing for major reductions in motherboard size. In the future, the technology could lead to computers as light as 500 grams in weight. IEEE Spectrum has technical details A new type of lithography, which uses an electron beam to spark a chemical reaction, could provide a cheaper way to build the incredibly tiny transistors that the chipmaking industry will require in a few years. Researchers from Taiwan and the University of California, Berkeley, say they've made static random access memory (SRAM) that anticipates 16-nanometer chip features with a new process called nano injection lithography. They say their technique may provide an alternative to lithography that relies on extreme ultraviolet light (EUV), which still is beset by problems and could be extremely expensive. The device the team made was a six-transistor SRAM in a 0.039µm2 cell. The previous record holder was based on 22-nm features in a 0.1 µm2 cell. SRAM occupies an ever-increasing percentage of a chip, taking up as much as 80 percent of cell area in some designs, Hu notes. "The size of the SRAM cell becomes critical to the cost of the chip, so SRAM is always the most taxing circuit for testing process capability," he says. Shrinking the SRAM, in other words, is key to shrinking the chip's circuitry as a whole. Standard lithography uses a set of masks to create a pattern of structures in a photoresist that's exposed to ultraviolet light. The Taiwan team's process eliminates both the masks and the photoresist, relying instead on a metallorganic gas, an organic molecule studded with atoms of platinum. An electron beam with a diameter of 4.6 nm is fired at the gas, causing a chemical reaction that deposits the platinum on the silicon chip in the desired pattern, while the rest of the gas flows away. With this hard mask deposited on the silicon, the researchers then use chemicals to etch away exposed silicon and thereby create the desired circuits. The platinum mask is then chemically removed. The researchers say their technique is mainly an alternative for EUV and e-beam lithography for low-volume fabrication. "It seems this new nano-injection-lithography technique may indeed be of interest for exploring 16-nm node device dimensions," says Anabela Veloso, who specializes in CMOS devices and technology at IMEC, an independent research center for nano-electronics in Belgium. "However, as an electron-beam based technique, and without further information on potential throughput and [alignment of different patterns], the feasibility of its application for volume production seems very unlikely." Skepticism aside, the researchers will explore other ways to improve the technique, such as using other gases. They used a gas that was readily available and worked, but may not be the best for their purposes. When the 16-nm chip is coming is not certain, although Hu says some optimists expect it by 2013. post comment

US Life Expectancy at Record High [16 Dec 2009|12:26pm] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/BUrZ-lqHZkA/us-life-expectancy-at-record-high.html Life expectancy at birth is 77.9 years based on just released Preliminary data for 2007 US Life expectancy was 77.7 years based on final 2006 data 135 page pdf of life and death statistics for 2006 Age-adjusted death rates in 2007 decreased significantly from 2006 for 8 of the 15 leading causes of death: Diseases of heart, Malignant neoplasms, Cerebrovascular diseases, Accidents (unintentional injuries), Diabetes mellitus, Influenza and pneumonia, Essential hypertension and hypertensive renal disease, and Assault (homicide). The rate for Chronic lower respiratory diseases increased in 2007 from 2006. Age-adjusted death rates for Alzheimer’s disease, Septicemia, Intentional self-harm (suicide), Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis did not change significantly in 2007 from 2006. The preliminary number of deaths in the United States for 2007 was 2,423,995, representing a decrease of 2,269 from the 2006 total. The estimated age-adjusted death rate, which accounts for changes in the age distribution of the population, reached a record low of 760.3 per 100,000 U.S. standard population, 2.1 percent lower than the 2006 rate of 776.5. The magnitude of the decreases in mortality (which are significant unless specified otherwise) by age group is): * Under 1 year (0.6 percent, not significant) * 15–24 years (2.4 percent) * 25–34 years (1.4 percent) * 35–44 years (3.1 percent) * 45–54 years (1.8 percent) * 55–64 years (1.7 percent) * 65–74 years (2.7 percent) * 75–84 years (1.9 percent) * 85 years and over (2.1 percent) post comment

Столько хороших слов [16 Dec 2009|11:36pm] v_novikov ella_p Вечную память желать глупо - здесь как-то без вариантов. А вот девчонское все-таки скажу. Настоящий мужчина был. ksonin Самой главной характеристикой Гайдара была исключительная ясность во взгляде на окружающую действительность. За последние тридцать лет ни один российский политик не обладал этим качеством - практически у всех текущие проблемы просматриваются через дымку - то советской пропаганды, то детских страхов. Гайдар, когда видел многочасовые очереди за хлебом и молоком, говорил об очередях за хлебом, а не происках Америки и Англии. Когда видел заводы, выпускающие ненужную продукцию, говорил о заводах, выпускающих ненужную продукцию, а не о том, что "СССР - родина Гагарина". Когда он видел, что стране угрожает голод, он думал о том, как сделать так, чтобы во всех городах появились продукты, а не о том, что "мы не отдадим наших завоеваний". Эта ясность позволяла принимать правильные решения и защищала от бесконечных нападок тех, кто для политической выгоды или просто от страха и боли боялся посмотреть вокруг открытыми глазами. 1 comment|post comment

[16 Dec 2009|11:23pm] ella_p Вот так уж прямо чтобы "каждый честный человек скорбел" - этого нет. Но ни один подлец об этой смерти не пожалеет. Всем видам подлецов Егор Тимурович успел дать повод, и не по одному. Вечную память желать глупо - здесь как-то без вариантов. А вот девчонское все-таки скажу. Настоящий мужчина был. 3 comments|post comment

Парадоксы лингвистики [16 Dec 2009|11:18pm] gr_s "We Need a Housing Bubble" Krugman got a Nobel in Economics. "Let's Ramp Up a Murderous, Useless War" Obama got a Nobel Peace Prize. So what do we give Helicopter Ben Bernanke, who has squandered much of whatever capital we had left after the housing bubble burst by pushing interest rates down to zero, and guaranteed (just wait for it) the worst depression in American history? Make him Time Person of the Year! Здесь спелл-чекер (жж? браузера?) не знает ровно два слова - Обама и Бернанке. Все остальные, включая Кругмана, ему известны. 3 comments|post comment

Two Senate Bills Would Encourage Small Modular Nuclear Reactors [16 Dec 2009|10:48am] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/ZOMOMFdNjZw/two-senate-bills-would-encourage-small.html Two bills advancing in the Senate aim to spur small modular nuclear reactor projects. Small reactors could do better in economics and security than existing large-scale operations. The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee was examining two bills that would spur the creation and licensing of the small, modular reactors. One measure would authorize the government to spend $250 million over five years to support the technology. Another bill would create a demonstration program at the Energy Department to test modular reactor designs. The Energy Department plans to announce a multi-billion-dollar government-backed loan for a nuclear power plant by the end of 2009 Other Nuclear News 2. A ceremony yesterday evening marked the official start of construction at Sanmen 2, China's third AP1000 nuclear power reactor. The project was six weeks ahead of schedule. It is meant to begin operation in June 2014. 3. The McClean Lake uranium mill in Saskatchewan, Canada, is to be put on stand-by in mid-2010 until market conditions improve 4. Russia Monday said it has no issues about transferring enrichment and reprocessing technologies (ENR) to India and set an ambitious target of setting 12-14 nuclear reactors in India, days after the two countries inked an accord on civil nuclear cooperation. Moscow is looking to set up six to eight new nuclear reactors at a site allocated in West Bengal besides six reactors it is building at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu under two separate arrangements. "Maybe there will also be a third site," the Russian envoy said while pitching for the setting up of more atomic reactors by Russian companies in India. "It should be done not piece by piece but series by series," he said. The India-Russia atomic pact is widely seen as better than the 123 agreement in as much as it guarantees uninterrupted fuel supplies in case of termination of cooperation and gives reprocessing rights to India. post comment

Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics [16 Dec 2009|10:30am] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/xf-LIO9ak-A/roadmap-for-organic-and-printed.html The Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics (78 pages, register for free download) Organic Solar for the start of grid impact will not be reasonable ready until 2016 at the earliest Displays (Small Displays) Electrophoretic price label display, segmented, driver electronics printed on backplane (2013) Color e-reader, A4, 10 frames/sec, flex for robustness - Quad eXtended Graphics Array (QXGA) and WRGB, 8 bit (2016, lower quality but rollable 2014) Large Displays: Advertising poster, reflective, 4 bit color, A2, 50 (75) ppi (2015) "Napkin PC": A4 touch screen writable note pad for meetings, interface to computer via bluetooth, WLAN or cable, >100 ppi, B/W, no grey scale (2017) Centrally updated wallpaper, 1.2x2.4 m2, color,4 bit,>150 ppi (2021) Two caveats are important in looking at these product generations. First, no one can really predict what products will penetrate the market; for example will the trend be to one big multifunctional screen that connects with everything or will there be a stronger trend to lightweight portable “personal displays”? (One should recall that several years ago many people thought the idea of a camera in a mobile phone was preposterous.) Thus whether these will be the specific products in the future is hard to predict, however be believe that these products show the kind of technology development (to color, high resolution, low cost etc.) that will be necessary in the coming years. Second, display media can change over time. OLED Lighting Flexible thin lighting elements, <<1mm thickness, plastic, metal substrate (2015) > 100 lm/W, > 10 k-hr, << €10 /klm (2017-2019) RFID The vision for printed RFID is the substitute of the optical barcode on consumer goods like milk bottles or yoghurt cups in the supermarket. Generation Product description Market General Availability 1 1-4 bit ROM Brand Protection 2011 2 4-8 bit ROM Ticketing 2012 3 16-32 bit ROM Automation 2013 4 32-64 bit ROM Internal Logistics 2014 5 96 bit WORM General Logistics 2016 6 printed EPC HF Retail Item Level 2018 7 printed EPC UHF Retail Logistics 2023 * write once read many (WORM) * UHF - rectifiers for ultrahigh frequencies (Giga Hertz range) demand for new materials, designs and processes: Printed Memory * Large NV-RAM Marketing with sound and video (2013) * Large WORM Marketing with sound and video (2013) * Large NV-RAM Consumer electronics (2015) Organic Sensors * Optical sensor (OLED/Organic photodiode) (2009) * Physical sensors for pressure, temperature, strain and arrays (2010) * Single use, potentiometric yes/no chemical sensor (2010) * Single use, amperometric biosensor, with multiple test levels (2014) * Continuous analog chemical monitoring (2016) * Sensitive single use analog biosensor (2018) Flexible Batteries, Smart Objects and Smart Textiles Single use sensor (sensor, logic, battery, display), Water quality tester (2012) DinA4 game board with several sensors and displays Gaming (2014) Smart card with printed display,organic circuit, battery, organic sensor (2020) Monitoring sensors Medical, health care, sport (2011) Organic solar cells on textile (2014) The roadmap also discusses the technology and how they plan to achieve the advances in capability. post comment

More Powerful Superconducting Magnets will Make More Powerful Particle Colliders [16 Dec 2009|09:43am] nextbigfuture http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/blogspot/advancednano/~3/SgMMtkRYGfg/more-powerful-superconducting-magnets.html The completed long quadrupole shell magnet (LQS01) in the Building 77A assembly area of Berkeley Lab's Engineering Division. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has just started producing collisions, but scientists and engineers have already made significant progress in preparing for future upgrades beyond the collider’s nominal design performance, including a 10-fold increase in collision rates by the end of the next decade and, eventually, higher-energy beams. Increased luminosity will mean more collision events in the LHC’s interaction regions; the major experiments will thus be able to collect more data in less time. But it will also mean that the “inner triplet” magnets, which focus the beams to tiny spots at the interaction regions and are within 20 meters of the collision points, will be subjected to even more radiation and heat than they are presently designed to withstand. The superconducting inner triplet magnets now in place at the LHC operate at the limits of well-established niobium-titanium (NbTi) magnet technology. One of the LARP goals is to develop upgraded magnets using a different superconducting material, niobium tin (Nb3Sn). Niobium tin is superconducting at a higher temperature than niobium titanium and therefore has a greater tolerance for heat; it can also be superconducting at a magnetic field more than twice as strong. Unlike niobium titanium, however, niobium tin is brittle and sensitive to pressure; to become a superconductor when cold it must be reacted at very high temperatures, 650 to 700 degrees Celsius. Advanced magnet design and fabrication methods are needed to meet these challenges The LARP effort initially centered on a series of short quadrupole models at Fermilab and Berkeley Lab and, in parallel, a four-meter-long magnet based on racetrack coils, built at Brookhaven and Berkeley Lab. The next step involved the combined resources of all three laboratories: the fabrication of a long, large-aperture quadrupole magnet. In 2005 DOE, CERN, and LARP agreed to set a goal of reaching, before the end of 2009, a gradient, or rate of increase in field strength, of 200 tesla per meter (200 T/m) in a four-meter-long superconducting quadrupole magnet with a 90-millimeter bore for housing the beam pipe. This goal was met on December 4 by LARP’s first “long quadrupole shell” model magnet. The magnet’s superconducting coils performed well, as did its mechanical structure, based on a thick aluminum cylinder (shell) that supports the superconducting coils against the large forces generated by high magnetic fields and electrical currents. The magnet’s ability to withstand quenches – sudden transitions to normal conductivity with resulting heating – also was excellent. Although the successful test of the long model was a major milestone, it is only one of several steps needed to fully qualify the new technology for use in the LHC. One goal is to further increase the field gradient in the long quadrupole, both to explore the limits of the technology and to reproduce the performance levels demonstrated in short models. A second goal is to address other critical accelerator requirements, such as field quality and alignment, through a new series of models with an even larger aperture (120 millimeters). post comment

Re: Я повторяю (наверное, 10-й раз), [16 Dec 2009|03:35pm] ailevinblogs http://savvateev.livejournal.com/47895.html?thread=1032727 Тут я не говорю о вашем примитвном понимании моделей, с Левенчуком об этом поговорите)-= post comment

It's ok to lose control [16 Dec 2009|07:29pm] kapterev Хорошее выступление, всего 4 минуты. Хорошие слайды, хороший message, хороший юмор. Просто зачет. Всего 4 минуты. А репетировал он день, наверное. Отличный пример того, как можно рекламировать себя, нисколько себя не рекламируя. post comment

Что нам дал Гайдар... [16 Dec 2009|05:53pm] a_shkolnikov Егор Гайдар дал возможность каждому россиянину получить еженедельно несколько свободных часов - свободных от стояния в очередях и беготни по магазинам в поисках "дефицита". Кто как распорядился этими часами - стал смотреть телевизионные шоу, дольше оставаться на работе или спорить в ЖЖ - это личное дело каждого. Вот это - получение времени - остается незаметным, в тени споров о том, кто и сколько получил или не получил денег... 3 comments|post comment

Машина времени. [16 Dec 2009|05:05pm] lern21 Одно из реальных наших реальных достижений - создание машины времени. Раньше: туда-сюда ездишь - все 20-й век.Скучно. Теперь из Москвы на самолет,пара часов и ...19 век. «Новая»: Вы много провинциальных больниц видели. Пермские чем-то отличаются? В.: Они вписываются в провинциальную медицину, которая везде примерно одинаковая, — это медицина, которая находится в упадке, на которую практически не выделяются средства. Это какой-то XIX век — все эти больнички. Как у Чехова еще описано. Это такая нищета! П.: Мы живем в XXI, а они еще в XIX веке. Ну или в начале XX. http://novayagazeta.ru/data/2009/139/00.html post comment

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